5 major principles of human development from a lifespan perspective

A significant proportion of theories within this discipline focus on development during childhood, as this is the period during an individual's lifespan when the most change occurs. Any single disciplines account of development across the lifespan would not be able to express all aspects of this theoretical framework. The dimensions of cognitive decline are partially reversible, however, because the brain retains the lifelong capacity for plasticity and reorganization of cortical tissue. Are we who we are because of nature (biology and genetics), or are we who we are because of nurture (our environment and culture)? The fact that the term puberty encompasses such a broad range of domains illustrates the multidimensionality component of development (thinkback to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains of human development we discussed earlier in this module). Psychologists, sociologists, neuroscientists, anthropologists, educators, economists, historians, medical researchers, and others may all be interested and involved in research related to the normative age-graded, normative history-graded, and nonnormative influences that help shape development. Individual behavior is influenced by organizational processes and values. KFF is an endowed, nonprofit organization filling the need for trusted, independent information on national health issues. Positive Youth Development holds the belief that all youths have the potential to become productive, contributing members of society. No single age period is more crucial, characterizes, or dominates human development. The principles are: 1. The first two areas, health and education, significantly affect adolescent development because healthy children who are educated effectively will tend to develop a higher level of intelligence. How much is due to genetics and how much is due to environmental influences and experiences (both within our personal control and beyond)? How might cultural differences influence interactions between teachers and students, nurses and patients, or other relationships? Life-span perspective is defined as using multiple frameworks to determine human development. Discontinuous; there are distinct stages of development, One course; stages are universal for everyone, Both; natural impulses combined with early childhood experiences impact development. Watch Seeing Behind the Visual Cortex, a video about research on blindsight conducted by Dr. Tony Ro to learn more about brain plasticity in blind individuals. A major developmental task during adolescence involves establishing one's own identity. Yet we live in diverse contexts that have a unique effect on each of us. Psychologist Erik Erikson suggests that we struggle with issues of trust, independence, and intimacy at various points in our lives (we will explore this thoroughly throughout the course.). This belief that our own culture is superior is calledethnocentrismand is a normal by-product of growing up in a culture. The notion of plasticity emphasizes that there are many possible developmental outcomes and that the nature of human development is much more open and pluralistic than originally implied by traditional views; there is no single pathway that must be taken in an individuals development across the lifespan. The type of parenting the child receives has a very powerful impact on the childs personality development. Without visual input, blind humans have demonstrated that tactile and auditory functions still fully develop and they can use tactile and auditory cues to perceive the world around them. Baltes argues that a dynamic interaction of these factors is what influences an individuals development. And how can siblings from the same family be so different? Established theories are then tested through research; however, not all theories are equally suited to scientific investigation. The fact that the term puberty encompasses such a broad range of domains illustrates the multidimensionality component of development (thinkback to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains of human development we discussed earlier in this module). For example, individuals may sacrifice their capacity to be spontaneous or creative if they are constantly required to make thoughtful decisions and regulate their emotions. It becomes a roadblock, however, when it inhibits understanding of cultural practices from other societies. Step-by-step explanation Principles of human development state that; Human development is plastic. If not, why not? SRCD launched a project to increase the visibility of leading developmental scientists of color who have made critical research contributions and paved the way, through mentoring and advocacy, for younger scholars of color. If you have ever wondered about what motivates human thought and behavior, understanding these theories can provide useful insight into individuals and society. One of the best ways to gain perspective on our own lives is to compare our experiences withthose of others. 1. Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and learning. But isnt it possible that development during one period affects development in other periods and that humans can grow and change across adulthood too? Baltes identified three types of influences that operate throughout the life course: normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative influences. Plasticity is imperative to current research because the potential for intervention is derived from the notion of plasticity in development. What is meant by the word context? Another name you are probably familiar with who was influential in the study of human development is Sigmund Freud. A person negotiates biological and sociocultural influences as they move through eight stages, each characterized by a psychosocial crisis:trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt,initiative vs. guilt,industry vs. inferiority,identity vs. role confusion,intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, ego integrity vs. despair. Death and dying will be the topic of our second to last module, though it is not necessarily a stage of development that occurs at a particular age. Development is Sequential 4. They are not as specific as hypotheses, which are so specific that we use them to make predictions in research. Neuronal changes to the limbic system and prefrontal cortex of the brain, whichbegin in puberty lead to the development of self-regulation, and the ability to consider the consequences of ones actions (though recent brain research reveals that this connection will continue to develop into early adulthood). German psychologist Paul Baltes, a leading expert on lifespan development and aging, developedone of the approaches to studying development called the lifespan perspective. This refers to emotions and psychological issues as well as social roles and relationships. For example,Eriksonstheory that teenagers struggle with identity assumes that all teenagers live in a society in which they have many options and must make an individual choiceabout their future. However, as Ach children become older, they are allowed more freedom to move about, and by about age 9, their motor skills surpass those of U.S. children of the same age: Ach children are able to climb trees up to 25 feet tall and use machetes to chop their way through the forest (Kaplan & Dove, 1987). Moral reasoning develops further, as does practical intelligencewisdom may develop with experience over time. All of this occurs within the relevant historical context and timeframe, or chronosystem. What are the 5 stages of lifespan development? Think about the lifespan and make a list of what you would consider the basic periods of development. When John Watson wrote the book Psychological Care of Infant and Child in 1928, he sought to add clarification surrounding behaviorists views on child care and development. The Lifespan Perspective. Childhood 6. What have these principles to do with you as you teach learners? In this research, low-income children made significant gains in their language development, likely as a result of attending the specialized preschool (Schechter & Byeb, 2007). When all influences are considered together, itprovides a broader explanation of an adolescents development. Henrys employment as an engineer eventually becomes difficult as a result of downsizing in the defense industry. There are also emotional and social changes involving regulating emotions, interacting with peers, and possibly dating. This approach is based on several key principles: Lifelong developmentmeans that development is not completedin infancy or childhood or at any specific age; it encompasses the entire lifespan, from conception to death. We will discover the distinctions between being 28 or 48 as well. Contrast this with some developing countries where menstruation is not publicly addressed, or where girls on their period are forced to miss school due to limited access to feminine products or unjust attitudes about menstruation. What about children who are adoptedare they more like their biological families or more like their adoptive families? There are seven application in the teaching-learning process and of it is encourages student-faculty contact. The key here is to understand that behaviors, motivations, emotions, and choices are all part of a biggerpicture. It becomes a roadblock, however, when it inhibits understanding of cultural practices from other societies. Consider, for example, a childs physical growth: adding inches to their height year by year. The principles are: 1. The philosophy of the school system, daily routine, assessment methods, and other characteristics can affect the childs self-image, growth, sense of accomplishment, and schedule, thereby impacting the child physically, cognitively, and emotionally. Freuds model is an interactionist one since he believed that although the sequence and timing of these stages are biologically determined, successful personality development depends on the experiences the child has during each stage. Continuous;development is ongoing without distinct stages and can be multidirectional depending on environmental circumstances, Mostly one course; Maslows hierarchy of needs is universally applied, but there is an individual course for self-actualization, Mostly nurture;development is influenced by environmental circumstances and social interactions. Think of ways your own development fits in with each of these concepts as you read about the terms in more detail. Watson explained that love, along with everything else as the behaviorist saw the world, is conditioned. To what extent does your cohort shape your values, thoughts, and aspirations? Normative age-graded influences are those biological and environmental factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age, such as puberty or menopause, or age-based social practices such as beginning school or entering retirement. However, childcare practices vary by culture, and different practices have been found to accelerate or inhibit the achievement of developmental milestones such as sitting, crawling, and walking (Karasik, Adolph, Tamis-LeMonda, & Bornstein, 2010). Each perspective encompasses one or more theoriesthe broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest. Baltes wrote that these three influences operate throughout the life course, their effects accumulate with time, and, as a dynamic package, they are responsible for how lives develop. Members of a cohort have experienced the same historical events and cultural climates which have an impact on the values, priorities, and goals that may guide their lives. Sigmund Freuds model of psychosexual development grew out of his psychoanalytic approach to human personality and psychopathology. The study of human development is a rich and varied subject. By 3 years old, high-income children knew almost double the number of words known by their low-income counterparts, and they had heard an estimated total of 30 million more words than the low-income counterparts (Hart & Risley, 2003). How might cultural differences influence interactions between teachers and students, nurses and patients, or other relationships? In this section, well learn about development through the lifespan perspective, which emphasizes the multidimensional, interconnected, and ever-changing influences on development. A hypothesis is a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a theory. Prevention & Treatment, 5(15), 27-28. This chapter will briefly describe the seven major theoretical perspectives or theories on human development: . Continuous; learning is ongoing without distinct stages, Many courses; learned behaviors vary by person. What is meant by the word context? As with other major contributors of theories of development, several of Piaget's ideas have come under criticism based on the results of further research. There are so many different observations about childhood, adulthood, and development in general that we use theories to help organize all of the different observable events or variables. A theory about how people come to gradually acquire, construct, and use knowledge and information. Developmentalists often break the lifespan into nine stages: In addition, the topic of Death and Dying is usually addressed after late adulthood since overall, the likelihood of dying increases in later life (though individual and group variations exist). a. Undesired development or behaviors could potentially be prevented or changed. Our concerns are such because of who we are socially, where we live, and when we live; they are part of a social climate and set of realities that surround us. This belief that our own culture is superior is calledethnocentrismand is a normal by-product of growing up in a culture. Emphasizes the unconscious, defense mechanisms, and influences of the id, ego, and superego. They are the unique experiences of an individual, whether biological or environmental, that shape the development process. In the table below, well review some of the major theories that you learned about in your introductory course and others that we will cover throughout this text. The current view reflects the possibility that specific changes in development can occur later in life, without having been established at birth. Some developmental theories focus on the formation of a particular quality, such as Piagets theory of cognitive development. Paul Baltes identified several underlying principles of the lifespan perspective (Baltes, 1987; Baltes, Lindenberger, & Staudinger, 2006). Questions Category: Childhood and Growing Up What are the 5 major principles of human development from a life span perspective? Continuous development views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills (Figure 2). It means that we are influenced by when and where we live. Watson supported his warnings by mentioning invalidism, saying that society does not overly comfort children as they become young adults in the real world, so parents should not set up these unrealistic expectations. Vygotskys theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture. The principles of developmental psychology outlined by Paul Baltes suggest that development is (1) lifelong, (2) multidimensional, (3) multidirectional, (4) involves gains and losses, (5) plastic, and that developmental psychology is (6) multidisciplinary. Normative history-graded influences are associated with a specific time period that defines the broader environmental and cultural context in which an individual develops. This video summarizesEriksons theory of psychosocial development which identifies eight stages in which a healthy individual should pass through from birth to death. The American Psychological Association (2020) defines developmental psychology as the study of physical, mental, and behavioral changes, from conception through old age. Another context that influences our lives is our social standing, socioeconomic status, or social class. Baltes wrote that these three influences operate throughout the life course, their effects accumulate with time, and, as a dynamic package, they are responsible for how lives develop. Over the course of puberty, neuronal changes modify this unregulated behavior by increasing the ability to regulate emotions and impulses. Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development, Crash Course Video #2 Psychological Research, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. We may find individual and group differences in patterns of development, so examining the influences of gender, cohort/generation, race, ethnicity, culture, socioeconomic status, education level, and time in history is also important. Their nutritional needs are different, and their primary psychological concerns are also distinctive. The dimensions of cognitive decline are partially reversible, however, because the brain retains the lifelong capacity for plasticity and reorganization of cortical tissue. Research on brain development helps us understand teen risk-taking and impulsive behavior. Glen Elder theorized the life course as based on five key principles: life-span development, human agency, historical time and geographic place, timing of decisions, and linked lives. Paul Baltes identified several underlying principles of the lifespan perspective (Baltes, 1987; Baltes, Lindenberger, & Staudinger, 2006). These findings suggest that cognitive function, particularly memory, can be significantly improved in mature adults with age-related cognitive decline by using brain plasticity-based training methods. Child development theories focus on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood. Human development refers to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of humans throughout the lifespan. That is why it is suggested explicitly by lifespan researchers that a combination of disciplines is necessary to understand development. Terms in this set (9) List the six 'Principles of Human Development'. German psychologist Paul Baltes, a leading expert on lifespan development and aging, developedone of the approaches to studying development called the lifespan perspective. Agency: Individuals construct their own lives through the choices and actions they take within the opportunities and constraints of history and social circumstance. There have been attempts to correct the achievement gap through state and federal legislation, but what if the problems start before the children even enter school? Development in this domain involves whats going on both psychologically and socially. The first two areas, health and education, significantly affect adolescent development because healthy children who are educated effectively will tend to develop a higher level of intelligence. The same is true of an 18-year-old and an 80-year-old, both considered adults. It means that we are influenced by when and where we live. LIFE-SPAN 4.Development is contextual. We will explore this idea further in our discussion of psychosexual development, but first, we must identify the parts of the self in Freuds model, or in other words, what constitutes a persons personality and makes us who we are. This relation between developmental gains and losses occurs in a direction to selectively optimize particular capacities. Finally, the work of Darwin, the British biologist famous for his theory of evolution, led others to suggest that development proceeds through evolutionary recapitulation, with many human behaviors having their origins in successful adaptations in the past. It can take complex, interconnected issues and narrow them down to the essentials. In comparison to the control group, who received no training and showed no significant change in memory function, the experimental training group displayed a marked enhancement in memory that was sustained at the 3-month follow-up period. Adolescents develop the ability to think logically about the abstract world (and may like to debate matters with adults as they exercise their new cognitive skills!). Both; natural impulses combined with sociocultural experiences impact development. That is why it is suggested explicitly by lifespan researchers that a combination of disciplines is necessary to understand development. For example, development and identity are influenced by historical events of the people who experience them, such as the Great Depression, WWII, Vietnam, the Cold War, the War on Terror, or advances in technology. Sternberg describes contextual intelligence as the ability to understand what is called for in a situation (Sternberg, 1996). 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